Understanding the 7 Types of Plastic and Their Impact

How Many Types of Plastic Are There?

Believe it or not, there are actually seven distinct types of plastic, each possessing its own unique properties, advantages, disadvantages, and methods for disposal. That’s right! Not all plastic is recyclable. In this article, we will explore the various types of plastics and their associated symbols. By the end, you’ll have a clearer understanding of these materials, and we’ll also discuss a more sustainable option for food packaging!

What are Plastics?

Plastics are materials created from long chains of polymers, which are composed of hydrocarbon molecules. The manufacturing process allows for variations in these chains, resulting in different types of plastics with diverse characteristics.

What’s the Problem with Plastic?

Why is plastic considered problematic? To answer this question, we must examine the facts surrounding plastic. It is primarily made from fossil fuels, which are significant contributors to climate change. Once plastic enters landfills, it can persist for hundreds of years—sometimes up to 600 years—leaching toxic chemicals in the process. Alternatively, plastic waste may find its way into our oceans, breaking down into microplastics that bioaccumulate in marine food chains.

While some types of plastic can be recycled, the recycling infrastructure in the United States has not kept pace with the current waste stream. Thus, even though certain plastics display the familiar recycling triangle symbol, they may not actually be recyclable. This inconsistency has motivated many, including myself, to attempt a plastic-free month.

In summary, plastic poses risks to both our planet and our health. But what does “non-toxic” mean? According to Merriam-Webster, it refers to materials that do not contain poisonous substances capable of causing serious harm or death. This definition is alarming, especially when considering the prevalence of plastic in our daily lives (did you know that plastic can even be found in tea bags?). This is why understanding which types of plastic can be recycled is crucial!

The 7 Types of Plastics and Their Symbols

Let’s dive into the world of recyclable plastic numbers! What do these numbers signify, and what types of recyclable plastic exist?

1. #1 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET or PETE)

What is PET?

PET is recognized for its wrinkle-free properties. However, one issue with PET is that, when liquids are stored in it for extended periods, there is a risk of toxic chemicals leaching into food and beverages, especially when exposed to warmer temperatures.

Where Can I Find PET?

PET is commonly used in food and beverage packaging due to its ability to create airtight seals that prevent spoilage. You can find PET in items like plastic soda bottles, salad dressing containers, jam jars, polyester clothing, and even ropes.

Can PET Be Recycled?

Yes! PET can be recycled through most curbside recycling programs and can be transformed into textiles, shoes, sleeping bags, and more. In fact, PET is the most recycled plastic and can be repurposed multiple times.

2. #2 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)

What is HDPE?

HDPE features a long polymer chain, making it a sturdy and durable plastic. It is more stable than PET, which reduces the risk of chemical leaching. However, some studies suggest that HDPE may leach estrogen-mimicking additives that could disrupt hormonal systems.

Where Can I Find HDPE?

HDPE is incredibly common and can withstand temperatures up to 120 °C. You’ll find it in grocery bags, medicine bottles, shampoo and conditioner bottles, and laundry detergent containers.

Can HDPE Be Recycled?

Yes, HDPE is accepted by most recycling centers and can be repurposed for various applications, including park benches, fencing, and crates.

3. #3 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

What is PVC?

PVC is the second most widely used plastic, available in both rigid and flexible forms. However, it is not very safe, as it can leach toxic substances such as bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, lead, dioxins, mercury, and cadmium—some of which are linked to cancer.

Where Can I Find PVC?

PVC is commonly found in cling wrap, detergent bottles, medical IV tubing, oxygen masks, toys, and pipes for doors and windows.

Can PVC Be Recycled?

No, PVC is typically not accepted by most recycling programs.

4. #4 Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)

What is LDPE?

LDPE is the most prevalent plastic due to its low manufacturing costs. It has a less dense and less crystalline structure, making it quite flexible. Like HDPE, it has also been linked to negative effects on hormonal systems.

Where Can I Find LDPE?

LDPE can be found in items such as garbage bags, six-pack rings, grocery bags, food containers, and the plastic coating on boxes.

Can LDPE Be Recycled?

LDPE is very challenging to recycle, with only limited special collection options available.

5. #5 Polypropylene (PP)

What is PP?

PP is a popular plastic because it is stiff and heat-resistant. It is also quite flexible and durable, often used in living hinges, such as the seal cap of plastic bottles.

Where Can I Find PP?

PP is commonly found in food containers but can also be found in car parts, DVD cases, thermal vests, sanitary pads, and diapers.

Can PP Be Recycled?

No, PP is not recyclable.

6. #6 Polystyrene (PS)

What is PS?

PS is commonly known as styrofoam. It is highly flammable and can leach styrene, a toxin that affects the nervous system, especially when in contact with oily foods.

Where Can I Find PS?

You can find PS in items such as disposable cups, bowls, egg cartons, and takeout containers.

Can PS Be Recycled?

PS has a very low recycling rate, as it is not accepted in curbside collection programs. This lack of recycling is concerning since PS is not biodegradable and can pose a risk to wildlife.

7. #7 Other Types of Plastics

What Are Other Types of Plastics?

There are additional types of plastics that do not fall into the previous categories. For example, polycarbonate (PC) and Tritan are notable mentions. I recently wrote an article discussing whether Tritan plastic is safe, which may surprise you. Additionally, bioplastics are made from renewable resources such as agricultural waste (corn, potatoes, etc.). For a material to be considered bioplastic, it must be capable of naturally degrading back to biomass.

Where Can I Find Other Kinds of Plastic?

Bioplastics are often used as substitutes for traditional food packaging, such as Coca-Cola bottles or SunChip bags. They are also gaining traction in the medical field, where they are being used for eco-friendly sutures (stitches).

Can Other Kinds of Plastic Be Recycled?

Most other types of plastic cannot be recycled. This is one reason I advocate for bioplastics; they don’t require recycling! If unadulterated by additional chemicals, genuine bioplastics can be composted in industrial settings—something traditional plastics could never achieve.

A Final Word on Types of Plastics!

So, is all plastic the same? Absolutely not! In fact, only about half of the plastic produced is recyclable. While there are even more types of plastics in existence, these seven are the most commonly encountered in North America. Each type exhibits slight differences due to variations in their crystalline structures, which affect their strength and flexibility. The presence of additives also complicates the recycling process, often rendering certain plastics lower grade and harder to recycle. Moreover, food contamination can hinder the recycling process, leading to even lower recycling rates than the reported 50%.

For those plastics that cannot be recycled, consider exploring alternatives like Terracycle, which does commendable work in recycling hard-to-recycle materials.

The “safest” plastics are #1, #2, and #4, whereas it is best to avoid #3, #6, and #7 when possible! Always verify with your local recycling facility to ensure that the plastic you’re discarding is indeed accepted. For further tips on reducing plastic in your home, check out these resources:

What to Do with Old Plastic Tupperware
How to Freeze Meat Without Plastic
How to Create a Plastic-Free Kitchen
How to Assemble a Plastic-Free Cleaning Kit
Stop Food Waste with These Plastic-Free Storage Solutions

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